Surprising fact: By October 2023 this initiative touched 151 countries, covering roughly $41 trillion in GDP and about 5.1 billion people — a scale that materially shifted global trade pathways. In this context, “facilities connectivity” describes how Beijing financed and delivered cross-border systems—ports, rail, and digital links—that connect regions. This introduction sketches what was pursued from 2013 to 2023, what …
Landlocked Countries and Belt and Road Facilities Connectivity Benefits




